Translating Sanskrit & Pali Terms from Meditation, Yoga, Ayurveda, Buddhism & Vedanta

One of the most challenging aspects about yoga and meditation is talking about it. First, much of the experiences one has are outside of our every day language, especially when talking about subtle experiences of expanded awareness. However, Sanskrit and Pali, which are languages foreign to most of us, have been used to describe this inner journey. That’s why we created this easy reference guide, so you can access the language appropriate for your journey.

Abhyanga. A Sanskrit word referring to a specific, herbalized oil massage in Ayurveda. It can be self-massage or received from a practitioner.

Advaita. The Sanskrit term means “nonduality” and refers to the teaching that there is only One Reality (Atman, Brahman). Often refers to the interpretation of Vedanta.

Agni. This Sanskrit term refers to the biological fire that governs metabolism, similar in its function to Pitta; as a catalytic agent in digestion. Pitta contains heat-energy which helps digestion. This heat-energy is agni. Pitta is the container and Agni is the content.

Ahamkara. The Sanskrit term meaning “I-maker” refers to the individuation principle, or ego, which must be transcended.

Ahimsa.  The Sanskrit term meaning “nonharming” is considered the single most important moral discipline, and is one of the five yamas found in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras.  Paramahansa Yogananda (founder of the Self-Realization Fellowship) asked Mahatma Gandhi his definition of ahimsa. Gandhi replied, “It’s the avoidance of harm to any living creature in thought or deed.” Ahimsa also includes not hurting yourself. Not only does it include physical non-violence, it’s equally about mental, spiritual, and emotional non-violence. It’s practiced through compassion, love, understanding, patience, self-love, and avoiding judgment of yourself and others.

Akasha. A Sanskrit term meaning “ether/space” is the first of the five material elements of which the physical universe is composed; also used to designate “inner” space, that is, the space of consciousness (called cid-akasha).

Ama: The Sanskrit word that refers to the internal toxins produced by improper metabolic functioning and digestion.

Amrita. The Sanskrit word that means “immortal/immortality” referring to the deathless Spirit (atman, purusha) as well as the “nectar of immortality” that oozes from the psychoenergetic center at the crown of the head (see sahasrara-cakra).

Ananda. A Sanskrit word that means “bliss” or “divine joy.” Ananda differentiates from the type of temporary joy that comes from sense pleasures like eating or seeing beautiful things, or the excitement of attaining objects like a new car or house. Rather it is a state of being in which you no longer fall victim to the trappings of like, dislike, judgment, worry, and fear. It is a union with your highest self in which enthralling, continuous joy is present no matter what your outward circumstances may be. Bliss, the condition of utter joy.

Anapanasati. A Pali word which refers to the mindfulness of breathing.

Anga. The Sanskrit term for “limb”, anga refers to a “fundamental category” on the yogic path, such as asana, dharana, dhyana, niyama, pranayama, pratyahara, samadhi, yama.

Aparigraha. One of the five yamas found in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras is the practice of not attaching to material things and not grasping in relation to possessions, relationships, positions, and habits. It doesn’t mean you do not enjoy the world; you are simply not imprisoned by the people, positions, and things in it. You only take/use what is necessary for basic needs and aim to make life as simple as possible. Aparigraha also refers to freeing yourself from greed, hoarding, jealousy, and envy. You shift your attitude from not having enough, to knowing you have exactly what you need and there is plenty for all.

Asana. The Sanskrit term for “seat” refers to a physical posture. Probably the most known pose is the lotus position, which can really tangle up beginners. (Pronounced AH-sah-nah.) It’s the third limb (anga) of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras eightfold path of yoga.

Ashram: A retreat center or secluded home of a spiritual practice community place, usually where the principles of yoga and meditation are taught and practiced. The general focus is on spiritual living, meditation, and self-realization. A Hindu equivalent to monastery.

Ashtanga-yoga. A Sanskrit term meaning “eight-limbed union.” Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras consist of the eight limbs: moral discipline (yama), self-restraint (niyama), posture (asana), breath control (pranayama), sensory inhibition (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and ecstasy (samadhi), which eventually lead to liberation (kaivalya).

Asteya. Sanskrit for “non-stealing,” asteya is one of the five yamas, a limb in the yoga sutras. It includes not stealing material objects (a pen, a car) as well as intangibles (such as someone’s attention, trust, time, or opportunity).

Atman: A Sanskrit term which refers to the transcendental Self, Soul, or Spirit, that aspect of one which is eternal and superconscious; our true nature or identity. Also called your higher self, soul, spirit, or true self – this is the part of you that is eternal, infinitely wise, unconditionally loving, and that transcends everyday consciousness. In the deeper awareness we enter during meditation, we contact our higher self and bring more and more of its qualities out into our daily life each time. Sometimes a distinction is made between the atman as the individual self and the parama-atman as the transcendental Self.

Aura: The subtle energy field which pervades and surrounds the human body. The aura is produced by ojas.

Avidya. A Sanskrit term. “vidya” means knowledge, “avidya” is the absence of it. It essentially refers to one’s own ignorance when it comes to knowing who we really are. It is also referred to as the root of yoga.

Ayurveda. A Sanskrit term meaning “Science of life and longevity,” refers to the traditional system of medicine from ancient India. A 5,000-year-old system of natural healing with origins in the Vedic culture of India. Emphasizing a holistic approach to health, Ayurveda focuses on a dynamic balance between the environment, body, mind, and spirit to achieve individualized care for the whole person. Ayurveda teaches that all health-related matters should be based on an understanding of an individual’s unique dosha (see definition below.)

Bandha. To lock, to tighten, to close-off and block.  There are four main bandhas in the body: Mula Bandha – the root lock. Jalandhara Bandha – the throat lock. Uddiyana Bandha – lifting of the diaphragm lock.  

Basti. A Sanskrit term referring to the Ayurvedic enema treatments involving introduction into the rectum of medicinals such as sesame oil or herbal decoctions in a liquid medium.

Beginner’s mind. A mind that is open to the experience of the moment, free of conceptual overlays; first made popular by the Zen teacher, Suzuki Roshi.

Bhagavad Gita. (“Lord’s Song”): the oldest full-fledged yoga book found embedded in the Mahabharata and containing the teachings on karma yoga (the path of self-transcending action), samkhya yoga (the path of discerning the principles of existence correctly), and bhakti yoga (the path of devotion), embedded in a battlefield scene taking place by Arjuna 3,500 years or more ago.

Bhakti. A Sanskrit term referring to devotion, adoration, and love of the Divine, or guru as a manifestation of the Divine.

Bhakti Yoga. The yoga of love and devotion, one of the four paths of yoga which include bhakti, karma, raja, jnana.

Bodhi. The Sanskrit/Pali term for enlightenment, or the state of the awakened master, or buddha.

Bodhi tree. The fig tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment in Bodhgaya, India.

Bodhicitta. In Buddhism, bodhicitta is the Wisdom-heart or the awakened heart/mind; the aspiration to attain full enlightenment (or Buddhahood) in order to be of benefit to all sentient beings. One whose primary motivation for all of their activities is Bodhicitta is called a bodhisattva. Bodhicitta can also refer to the actual Awakened Mind of a Buddha itself. Etymologically, the word is a combination of the Sanskrit words Bodhi and Citta. Bodhi means ‘awakening’, or ‘enlightenment’. Citta may be translated as ‘mind’ or ‘spirit’. Bodhicitta can therefore be translated as ‘mind of enlightenment’ or ‘spirit of awakening’.

Bodhisattva.  A Buddhist term to mean one who has taken a vow to become fully enlightened. According to Mahayana Buddhism it’s an individual who, motivated by compassion (karuna), and is committed to achieving enlightenment for the sake of all other beings.

Brahman. A Sanskrit world referring to the absolute, Divinity itself, God as creator, the supreme, eternal, and unchanging spirit of the universe.

Brahmacharya. One of the yamas in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras which involves building up and preserving a high level of vital energy by reducing overindulgence of one’s emotions, personal drama, and thoughts, while practicing moderation in regard to one’s consumption including sex, eating, activity, rest, shopping, and all sensory input and aspects of daily life. It’s not a call to celibacy, however the person who practices brahmacharya avoids meaningless sexual encounters and develops a subtle yet powerful potency. This yama includes honoring and appreciating all that is given to you, and honoring all life. As yoga teacher B.K.S. Iyengar puts it, this person eventually “sees divinity in all.”

Brahma-Vihara. A Pali/Sanskrit term referring to a heavenly or sublime abode in Tibetan Buddhism, which include the four mind states: loving kindness (metta), compassion (karuna), appreciative joy (mudita) and equanimity (upekkha).

Buddha. The fully awakened one, often the honorific title of Sakyamuni Buddha, aka Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, who lived in the 6^th century B.C.E. It’s also a designation of the person who has attained enlightenment. The Buddha also refers to one of the three jewels of Buddhism: buddha, sangha, dharma.

Buddhi. In Sanskrit Buddhi means, “she who is conscious, awake.” It refers to the intellect, the higher mind, which is the seat of wisdom (vidya, jnana). Buddhi is one of the five maya koshas.

Chakra or Cakra. A Sanskrit word, literally translating to “wheel” or “disc.” In yoga, meditation, and Ayurveda, chakras refer to psycho-energetic centers of the subtle body, also considered wheels of energy radiating one’s life force or vital energy (prana). It’s said they are located along the spine between the base of the spinal column and the crown of the head. Different philosophies identified different quantities of the chakras. In yoga, there are seven chakras. and are identified as muladhara- located at the base of the spine or the perineum, svadhishthana at the genitals, manipura at the navel, anahata- at the heart, vishuddha at the throat, ajna in the middle of the head, and sahasrara at the top of the head. Each chakra is associated with an endocrine gland, color, element, syllable, mantra, significance, etc. In Buddhism five chakras are recognized. Keeping these energy centers open, aligned, and spinning is key to maintaining physical, mental, and spiritual wellbeing. You could consider them energy centers where consciousness meets matter.

Ch’an. The Chinese word for Zen. It predates the Japanese word Zen, of course, since Zen originated in China and came to Japan later.

Chi. Chinese word for Universal Life Force, also Qi. (Ki is the Japanese word for the same)

Cit or Chit. A Sanskrit word, pronounced chit, referring to the superconscious ultimate reality or field of awareness, consciousness itself. It’s one of the three essential aspects of Apara-Brahma, together with sat, “being,” and ānanda, “bliss, beatitude, joy.”

Citta. The Sanskrit word for mind or spirit. Meaning that which is conscious, or ordinary consciousness.

Consciousness. Consciousness is a non-local quality of awareness that is everpresent in every living being (and likely everything.) In humans, it includes awareness of one’s self and of what is happening in one’s surroundings, including existence, sensations, relationships, and thoughts. It’s the inconceivable source of everything conceivable. It’s awareness, constantly present, multi-dimensional, and both personal and impersonal. It’s not something we can find in the brain, it is subtle. It isn’t located anywhere nor does it go somewhere. It is singular and indivisible in nature, though can show up as individuated matter and energy. There are different modes or states of consciousness in the human experience: the waking state of consciousness, the dream state of consciousness, the sleep state of consciousness,  and for those who meditate there are additional expanded states of awareness: transcendental consciousness, cosmic consciousness, and ultimately divine consciousness. Each state of consciousness has correlating psychophysiological markers such as brain waves, awareness, and skin resistance.

Cosmic Consciousness: Cosmic consciousness is when one’s individual consciousness expands to a universal level. The self, typically identified with the body, mind, and relationships, makes a radical shift to identify with the non-local, timeless existence of the cosmos. Thus, it’s called cosmic consciousness.

Dana. The Pali word for the practice of giving, meaning “generosity.” It’s used in relation to offering donations for a teacher/teaching.

Darshan. From the Sanskirt darsana, which translates as “sight,” “vision” or “appearance,” darshan is the experience of being in the company of – or visualizing – a deity, divine person, sacred object or natural sight, especially in a physical image form – it can include a hug, a gaze, or a touch from a saint – which can be spiritually uplifting.

Dhammapada. The best known of all the Buddhist scriptures; a collection of 423 verses, spoken by the Buddha, that focus on the value of ethical conduct and mental training written in Pali.

Dharana. The Sanskrit word for “holding” refers to mindfulness or concentration, and is the 6^th  limb (anga) of Patanjali’s eight-limbed yoga. It also refers to the ability to master attention and intention with a single-pointed focus.

Dharma or Dhamma. In Buddhism, dharma refers to the teachings of the Buddha. In Sanskrit it refers to the path of truth or duty or “purpose in life” and commonly refers to the universal force that guides our life and carries us safely through the threats and challenges along the way. It can also mean self-discipline, the life of responsibility, and right action. Following one’s dharma means acting in concert with one’s divine purpose in life. In the deepest sense it suggests that we’re not merely obeying the laws or regulations set down by society or the external world, instead, we are aligned with the pure spiritual force within. When our intentions, thoughts, words, and actions support our life’s purpose, we are in dharma. And thus can bring fulfillment to ourselves and everyone else affected by our actions.

Dhatu. A Sanskrit word which literally means, “that which supports the body.” It is one of the seven body tissues.

Dhyana.  A Sanskrit term referring to a meditative state, the 7^th limb of Patanjali’s eight-limbed yoga sutras. This involves sustaining the focused attention and unbroken flow of concentration on a chosen object. This cultivates a state of detachment from emotions and thought activity as one’s attention becomes focused on subtle experience.

Dosha. A Sanskrit term referring to three forces or constitutional types in Ayurveda: vata, pitta, and kapha. Each dosha is associated with elements found in inner and outer environments: Vata (space and air), Pitta (fire and water or liquid), Kapha (earth and liquid.) Doshas are principles which create one’s specific mental and physical characteristics. While everyone has a combination of all three, one or two tend to predominate. By identifying one’s primary dosha, it reveals the best recipe for living life and making the most nourishing personal choices.

Drishti. The Sanskrit word for view or sight.  Directed focus of gaze, such as toward the tip of the nose, or at the 3^rd eye maintained during asana or meditation.

Dukka. Sanskrit and Pali term which means suffering. It’s the first Noble Truth which acknowledges the reality of suffering. Suffering is caused by ignorance (avidya) of one’s true nature.

Energy Body.  The energy body is made up of five koshas, one of which is the energy body which includes the chakras, meridians (marmas), nadis, prana, and subtle bodies (biofields).

Enlightenment. The attainment of full awakening. It can be described as spiritual liberation (moksha). To be enlightened is to be freed from the tyranny of the mind and to experience deep spiritual peace, presence and wholeness. The state of enlightenment is important in Hindu, Buddhist and yogic philosophy. According to the teachings of yoga, enlightenment is the goal of all meditation and yogic practices — physical, mental or spiritual.

Field of Pure Potentiality.  The source of all creation is pure consciousness, or a field of pure potentiality seeking expression from the unmanifest to the manifest. We are an inseparable part of the field of pure potentiality, which is the ultimate source of every idea, creative act, and everything we see in the physical universe. When we realize that our true self is one of pure potentiality, we align with the power that manifests everything in nature.

Gassho. A Japanese term which literally means, “palms together” which is expressed as the hand mudra signifying  nonduality. The palms are pressed together so that the fingertips are at the height of the nose. The hands are approximately one fist away from the face.

Gayatri-mantra.  A famous Vedic mantra recited particularly at sunrise: tat savitur varenyam bhargo devasya dhimahi dhiyo yo nah pracodayat.

Ghee. Often used in Ayurveda and ayurvedic cooking, ghee is clarified butter, prepared by simmering unsalted butter on lowest possible heat until all the water boils off and then straining out the milk solids.  The purified fat remaining is the ghee.

Guna. A Sanskrit term literally meaning “quality” often refers to any of the three primary “qualities” or constituents of nature: tamas (the principle of inertia), rajas (the dynamic principle), and sattva (the principle of lucidity).

Guru. A Sanskrit term literally meaning “he who is heavy, weighty” which refers to a spiritual teacher; or one who is described as “dispeller of darkness.”

Hatha Yoga. A major branch of yoga, developed by Goraksha and other adepts c. 1000 C.E., which emphasizes the physical well being  notably postures (asana) and cleansing techniques (shodhana), and also breath expansion/control (pranayama).

Ishvara-pranidhana. From Sanskrit, Ishvara means “Lord” or “Supreme God,” and pranidhana means “surrender” or “devote.” This is one of the five niyamas in the Yoga Sutras. It means committing one’s life and one’s yoga practice to a personal God, higher power, creator, or creation itself and to cultivate more faith, dedication, and sincerity.  One adopts the practice of surrendering how you think things should be and transcending the egoic mind as in, “Thy will, not mine, be done.”

Japa: A Sanskrit term, also known as jaap, referring to a practitioners recitation or repetition of a word or phrase (mantra), which is sometimes accompanied by the use of a mala or string of beads.

Jnana. A Sanskrit term meaning knowledge, worldly knowledge or world-transcending wisdom.

Jnana Yoga, or gyan yoga. A Sanskrit term for the yoga of wisdom. It’s considered one of the four yogic paths one can take towards liberation. Jnana yoga is based on the direct experience of the transcendental Self (atman) through the steady application of discernment between the real and the unreal, and renunciation of what has been identified as unreal (maya.)

Kaivalya. A Sanskrit term meaning “isolation” refers to the state of absolute freedom from conditioned existence, as explained in ashta-anga-yoga; in the nondualistic (advaita) traditions of Vedanta, this is usually called moksha or mukti (meaning “release” or freedom from from ignorance, or avidya).

Kapha. A Sanskrit term referring to one of the three primary doshas, or Ayurvedic mind/body types. Made up from the elements of earth and water, those who are kapha dominant types tend to collect friend as they easy-going and nurturing, they also tend to be methodical, and the also sturdy in frame. When in balance, kapha types are sweet, supportive, and stable. When out of balance, they can become sluggish, resistant to healthy change, congested, or gain weight. To restore balance, a kapha benefits from lifestyle choices that promote invigoration, such as lighter food, stimulating exercise, or activities outside their normal routine.

Karma, also kamma. A Sanskrit/Pali term meaning action or activity of any kind, the “karmic” consequence of one’s actions; destiny. Cause and effect.

Karma Yoga. A Sanskrit term meaning the “yoga of action” which refers to the liberating path of self-transcending action and service, one of the four paths of yoga.

Karuna. The Pali word for compassion, one of the four abodes in Buddhism (Brahma-Viharas.)

Kensho. In Zen Buddhism the kensho refers to an enlightenment or awakening experience. While impossible to describe in words, a kensho experience reportedly gives a glimpse of one’s own nature and the true nature of reality.

Kinhin. In Zen Buddhism, kinhin is the practice of walking meditation. Although its meditative aspect is of prime importance, kinhin also serves the purpose of moving one’s legs after a long period of zazen, thus making physical problems less likely. Some schools of Zen perform kinhin extremely slowly while others do it rapidly. It has become traditional, in North America at least, to combine the two: kinhin begins very slowly at first and then switches to a brisk pace (the change is marked by an audible signal).

Kosha. A Sanskrit word meaning “casing” or layer, a kosha refers to any one of five “sheaths” surrounding the transcendental Self. The five layers (panchakosha) are said to veil the light of the consciousness. The layers consist of anna-maya-kosha (“made of food” referring to the physical body), prana-maya-kosha (“made of vital life force”) referring to the life force, mano-maya-kosha (“made of mind”), vijnana-maya-kosha (aka buddhi-maya-kosha “made of intellect or wisdom”), and ananda-maya-kosha (“made of bliss”).

Kritajna. The practice of cultivating gratitude. 

Kundalini, or Kundalini Shakti. Sanskrit for “coiled power”, kundalini refers to the dominant – often dormant – power within the body; an intelligent life force energy considered to exist in potential form coiled at the lowest psycho-energetic center of the body, the base of the spine (muladhara chakra). It is naturally awakened through certain meditation or yoga practices. It is a benevolent and powerful creative spiritual energy which is considered to be feminine in nature.

Kundalini yoga. Kundalini yoga is an ancient series of practices intended to awaken the kundalini energy in the practitioner by activating nerve channels that are intertwined in the spine. Made popular in the west by Yogi Bhajan, kundalini yoga emphasizes morning sadhana which includes hours of chanting and breathing along with postures designed to awaken and control the release of kundalini energy. Many spiritual paths have a practice of getting up before sunrise to pray. That special time is called Amrit Vela, which translates as the “Nectar of God.”

Lama. The title for a highly esteemed Tibetan teacher of the Dharma; similar to the Sanskrit term, guru; historically used for venerated spiritual masters (example: the Dalai Lama).

Mahatma. The Sanskrit term from “maha-atman,” or “great self” is an honorific title bestowed on particularly meritorious individuals, such as Gandhi.

Mahayana. Sanskrit for “great vehicle”, Mahayana refers to one of the three main branches of Buddhism, the other two being Hinayana (small vehicle) and Vajrayana (indestructible vehicle).  Although this is the branch to which Zen belongs and Zen traces its origin back to the Buddha himself, generally Mahayana is considered to be a newer form than Hinayana. There is less emphasis placed on nirvana and individual salvation in this tradition and more emphasis placed on saving all sentient beings.

Maitri. A Pali word meaning loving kindness; also known as metta.

Mala. A Sanskrit term for the string of 108 (or 54, or 27) prayer beads commonly used by Yogis, Hindus, Buddhists, and some Sikhs in prayer and meditation, similar to a Catholic rosary. A traditional string of mala beads is made up of 108 beads, plus one guru, or teacher, bead. The number 108 is considered a sacred number.

Manas. A Sanskrit term meaning “mind”, from the root man “to think”, refers to the lower mind, which is bound to the senses and yields information rather than wisdom.

Mandala.  A Sanskrit term meaning “circle” which refers to circular geometric designs that represent the cosmos and the spirit’s journey. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be used as a focus for a practitioner’s attention as an aid to meditation, or to enhance a sacred space. In Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Shinto it is used as a map representing deities, or especially in the case of Shinto, paradises.

Mantra.  A Sanskrit term meaning “mind instrument” or “vehicle for the mind”, mantras are sacred sounds, syllables, words, or phrases that have a transformative effect on the mind. Mantras can be said out loud or repeated silently (japa) in chanting and meditation. Repeating a mantra helps the mind transcend thought activity and merge into the silence of deeper levels of awareness. Some mantras are religious phrases, such as Om mani padme hum, or Om namah shivaya.

Maya. A Sanskrit term meaning “she who measures” refers to the deluding or illusive power of the world. Maya is the illusion by which the world is seen as separate from the ultimate singular consciousness.

Meditation:  Often meditation refers to one of the many modern and ancient techniques and practices that settle the nervous system and train the brain to be more focused, engaged, and self aware. The English word, meditation, is derived from the Latin word meditatio, from a verb meditari, which means, “to think, contemplate, devise, or ponder.” Most meditation practices have their origins in religious or monastic traditions.  Contemplative practices from China, such as those from early Taoism, and those from early Christianity, such as centering prayer, and practices from Islamic Sufism, Jewish Kabbalah, and Greek Orthodoxy are also considered meditation. Meditation is also found in the yoga tradition which includes much more than postures or stretching. Yoga means to “yoke” or “to join” and it refers to practices designed to yoke your awareness to everything you are aware of.   The word “meditation” can also refer to a state of restful awareness – one that is reached during one’s meditation practice. This state is as unique to itself as are sleep, dreaming, and waking. There are definite changes in one’s brain waves associated with this state as well as other psychophysiological changes. When the mind  and body settle down in meditation – because of the practice itself – the meditator is likely to experience Transcendental Consciousness. The state of meditation has been described as “being blissfully awake inside without being aware of any one thing “ or, restful awareness. Other names for this state are: Atma Darshan, Glimpsing the Soul, Turiya, or being in the Gap. So in short, meditation is a process which utilizes techniques for the mind in order to experience its ground state of awareness. There are thousands of types of meditation techniques practices worldwide.

Metta. A Pali word which means loving kindness, gentle friendship also known as maitri, is a Buddhist practice for generating loving kindness is said to be first taught by the Buddha as an antidote to fear. Metta helps cultivate one’s natural capacity for an open and loving heart and is traditionally offered along with other meditations that enrich compassion, joy in the happiness of others, and equanimity. These practices lead to the development of concentration, fearlessness, happiness, and a greater ability to love.

Mindfulness. Awareness. Mindfulness is the practice of paying attention to what you are doing while you are doing it without judgement, so you are attentive to the present moment, and fully engaged.  The word in Pali is sati. In Sanskrit, it is dharana. Mindfulness is a way of life, and is also a meditation practice – one promoted by the historical Buddha. With pratice during meditation and in life, mindfulness can help one to see that all things are interrelated.

Moksha. The Sanskrit term meaning “release” is the state of freedom from ignorance, suffering, and the binding effect of karma. It is the ultimate liberation, central to Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Also known as mukti, from the Sanskrit word, mukt, meaning “liberation,” “release”, and “emancipation,” it refers to the state of being released from the life-death cycle (samsara) and the limitations of a worldly existence. Moksha is the ultimate purusartha, the fourth and final goal for human existence.

Mudita. The Pali word for appreciative or empathetic joy; the cultivation of happiness when seeing someone else’s good fortune or happy circumstances. In Buddhism, it’s one of the four sublime abodes (Brahma-Viharas.)

Mudra. The Sanskrit term meaning “seal” is a hand gesture (such as cin-mudra) or whole-body gesture that directs the life current through the body. Mudras are used in prayer or meditation.

Nadi. The Sanskrit term meaning “conduit” refers to one of 72,000 or more subtle channels along or through which the life force (prana) circulates, of which the three most important ones are the ida nadi, pingala nadi, and sushumna nadi.

Nadi-shodhana. The Sanskrit term meaning “channel cleansing” refers to the practice of purifying the channels of subtle energy, especially by means of breath control (pranayama). It’s also the name of the practice of alternate nostril breathing.

Namaste. The Sanskrit term pronounced nah’-mah’-stay, is a salutation which means “The divine light within me salutes the divine light within you.” Namaskar is a similar salutation. The expression is used on meeting or parting, and usually is accompanied by the gesture (mudra) of holding the palms together in front of the breast bone.

Nasya. The Sanskrit term is an Ayurvedic treatment consisting of a nasal administration of oil or medication that helps to correct the disorders of vata dosha which affect the higher cerebral, sensory, and motor functions.

Neti-neti. The Sanskrit term meaning “not thus, not thus”, is an Upanishadic expression meant to convey that the ultimate Reality is neither this nor that, that is, it is beyond all description.

Netra Tarpana.  A Sanskrit term referring to a specialized ayurvedic eye bath treatment using ghee.

Nirodha. A Sanskrit term meaning “restriction.” It’s the mental absorption in an object.  In Patanjali’s eight-limbed yoga, this is the very basis of the darana, dhyana and samadhi: mindfulness, meditation, and ecstasy.

Nirvana. A Pali term for the state of ultimate enlightenment; though beyond explanation or words, it is best described as peace and stillness of mind after the tendencies of desire, aversion, and delusion have been extinguished. It is true liberation. It is a term most often used in Buddhism.

Niyamas. Niyama in Sanskrit means “rules, guidelines, or observances”. It is best known as the second limb of the eight limbs of yoga, as described in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras. Niyamas relate to inner discipline and responsibility. The five niyamas or observances consist of purity (saucha), contentment (samtosha), austerity or self-discipline (tapas), study of sacred texts (svadhyaya), and living with and surrending to God or something greater than one’s self (ishvara-pranidhana).  Niyamas illustrate the way that people naturally behave once their awareness is expanded. The five niyamas naturally emerge with your practice due to your expanded awareness and cannot be faked.

Ojas.  The Sanskrit word that refers to the essence of vitality, a hormone-like subtle substance which is derived by refined digestion. It produces the aura, transmits energy from mind to body, and controls immunity.

Om: A mantra, often called the sounds of all sounds. Paramahansa Yogananda called it “the vibration of the Cosmic Motor,” symbolizing the ultimate Reality. Om is often prefixed to many mantric utterances. Some say it amplifies what it precedes. When used by itself, the spelling is Aum, each letter is interpreted to represent the universal forces of creation, preservation, and destruction.

Padmasana. Seated lotus posture. 

Pali.  The ancient language of the scriptures of Early Buddhism.

Panchakarma.  A Sanskrit word referring to a purification treatment protocol from Ayurveda, meaning five karmas, Panchakarma is used to rid the body of excess doshas using enemas, purgation, emesis, nasal medication, and even bloodletting. Panchakarma is generally undertaken annually.

Paramaatman. In Sanskrit, this term is translated as “supreme Self” and refers to the transcendental Self, which is singular and indivisible, as opposed to the individuated self (jiva-atman) that exists in countless numbers in the form of living beings.

Patanjali: Patanjali is the compiler of the 195 yoga sutras who is said to have lived in India sometime between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D.  Often called “the father of yoga,” he codified the knowledge of raja yoga (the Royal Path of Yoga) in The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Each sutra is a concise aphorism which illustrates the eight limbs (angas) of yoga (ashtanga yoga) – and is considered a blueprint for mental and physical practices necessary for living a spiritual life. The first sutras are as follows:

“Now the teaching of Yoga begins.”
“Yoga is progressive settling down of the mind, into the field of pure silence.”
“When the mind is silent, we are in our essential state, which is pure unbounded consciousness.”
“Our essential state is overshadowed by the activity of the mind.”

Piti.  A Pali term meaning joy and gladdening of the mind and body. According to Buddhism, it’s one of the seven factors of enlightenment

Pitta. A Sanskrit term for one of the three primary doshas, or Ayurvedic mind/body types. The elements of liquid and fire are predominant in pitta. Those with pitta constitution tend to be passionate, intelligent, goal-oriented, and muscular. When in balance, pitta types are warm, personable, disciplined, and are good leaders and speakers. When out of balance, they can become irritable, compulsive, aggressive, or experience inflammatory conditions. To restore balance, pittas benefit from lifestyle choices that promote soothing and cooling, such as avoiding spicy foods, spending time near water, or slowing down the pace of their day.

Prajna. A Sanskrit word literally meaning “best knowledge,” or “best knowing.” Prajna is a natural bubbling up of curiosity, doubt, and inquisitiveness. It is precise, but at the same time it is playful. The awakening of prajna applies to all aspects of life, down to the tiniest details. Prajna encompasses all levels, from the most mundane such as, How do I turn on this computer?, to more profound levels such as, What is the nature of reality? Prajna is the opposite of spiritual ignorance (ajnana, avidya); and is one of two means of liberation in Buddhism, the other being skillful means (upaya), i.e., compassion (karuna.)

Prakruti or Prakriti. A Sanskrit term for nature, essential nature, the unique combination of elements, governing principles. In Ayurveda it refers to an individual’s inherent inborn tendencies that influence consciousness and activity.

Prana: A Sanskrit term meaning life force, energy, current, or vitality. In other traditions, it is called chi or qi.  Prana is the universal sea of energy that infuses and vitalizes and manifests all matter. So, every atom, molecule, and cell is an extension of prana, just as waves are extensions of the sea that lies beneath them. Prana is also the intelligent power that flows in all living forms and performs vital functions and life-sustaining processes. The word Prana is also used to refer to the breath. With each physical breath there is a corresponding movement of prana in the subtle body and in the spine’s sushumna nadi. Prana flows upwards in conjunction with the inhalation, and downwards with the exhalation. This link between breath and the flow of prana is central to many of the techniques of meditation. By controlling and expanding the breath which you can easily feel, you can influence the flow of prana in your body which is much more subtle and difficult to feel.

Pranayama.  A Sanskrit term meaning breath control or expansion. It’s the 4th limb of the eight-fold path Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras. The various practices of pranayama consist of conscious inhalation and exhalation and retention. This is used to control prana or life force through the regulation of breathing. In advanced practitioners, pranayama can occur spontaneously for an extended period of time.

Pratyahara. A Sanskrit term meaning “withdrawal” which refers to the sensory inhibition, the 5th limb of Patanjali’s eightfold path. Pratyahara allows the practitioner to turn their senses inward to still the mind and tap into subtle sensory experiences. This practice enhances interoception and visceroception.

Purgation. A Sanskrit term referring to an Ayurvedic treatment in Panchakarma meaning purgation, is the use of medium to strong laxatives to expel excess Pitta or Kapha from the system.

Puja. A Sanskrit word meaning “worship” refers to the ritual worship of gods, nature, God, etc., which can include chanting of sacred hymns, waving a sacred flame, offerings of flowers, and other observances. The worship may be done physically or mentally and can be directed to any Deity or natural force. Puja is an important aspect of many forms of yoga, notably bhakti yoga.

Purushartha. A Sanskrit term that literally translates to “object(ive) of men” refers to the four ultimate goals of human life. Arranged in order of priority from lowest to highest, the four purusharthas are: artha (prosperity and economic values), kama (sensual pleasures), dharma (righteousness and morality), and moksha (liberation from the cycle of reincarnation).

Rajas. A Sanskrit word referring to the cosmic force of activity. Excess rajas causes the mind to become overactive and unstable.

Raja Yoga. The Sanskrit term frequently referred to as the “royal path to yoga” one of the four paths of yoga. Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras illustrates the eight limbs of raja yoga and illustrates the various physical and mental practices that take one’s awareness inward for mind, body, spirit union.

Rasa. A Sanskrit term meaning taste, especially referring to the six tastes of Ayurveda, and the corresponding emotions derived there from.

Rigpa. A Tibetan word which in general means ‘intelligence’ or ‘awareness’.  However, according to the highest teachings in the Buddhist tradition of Tibet, rigpa has a deeper connotation. It refers to the innermost nature of the mind, the state of omniscience or enlightenment – a truth so universal, so primordial, that it goes beyond all limits, and beyond even religion itself.

Rinpoche. A Tibetan term meaning “precious one,” Rimpoche is an honorable name bestowed upon high-ranking and respected Tibetan Buddhist teachers.

Rishi. A Sanskrit term meaning “seer” refers to a category of  Vedic sages. It’s an honorific title of certain venerated masters, such as the South Indian sage Ramana, who is known as maharshi, or Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the teacher wo brought meditation to the West. Maha means “great” and rishi means “seer.”

Sadhana. A Sanskrit word meaning “accomplishing” or “realizing,” sadhana refers to a dedicated daily personal spiritual practice to cultivate expanded awareness and Self-realization. Sadhana is typically an early morning immersion— typically 30 minutes up to 2 hours – beginning 1.5 hours before sunrise (roughly 3:30–5:30 AM), a time believed to be especially conducive to spiritual practices, as the mind is calm, the atmosphere is quiet, and the energy of the day has not yet begun to stir. For those who study Ayurveda, it’s during vata time. Personal timing can vary based on schedules, lifestyle, or tradition. When on an intensive spiritual path or at a retreat, this period can be extended. This daily sadhana can include practices such as asana, pranayama,  chanting, mindfulness, meditation, prayer, journaling, or reading sacred texts—essentially, any activity that reconnects you with who you really are at your core, and shapes how you engage with the world around you. It can evolve over time to reflect one’s spiritual growth and unique aspirations.

Samadhi. A Sanskrit word in Hindu and yogic philosophy, meaning “putting together” refers to the 8th and final limb of Patanjali’s eightfold path. It refers to total absorption and an unitive state of awareness in which the meditator experiences no separation from the chosen object of meditation; the distinction between observer and observed disappear, there is no duality or subject/object split, and no ego identity. In the yoga sutras it is described as, “When the object of meditation engulfs the meditator, appearing as the subject, self-awareness is lost. This is samādhi.” Sometimes called this the “state of God-union”, it’s a state of pure awareness.  There are a few stages of samadhi:

• Savikalpa samadhi, depending on the yogic tradition, refers to “with thought” and occurs during meditation.
• Sahaj samadhi is the continuity of super consciousness throughout waking, dreaming, and sleep states.
• Nirvikalpa samadhi (sahaja or asamprajnyata in different traditions) is considered the highest level of samadhi. Though direct translations vary, interpretations range from “bliss” to “liberation” to “enlightenment.” This stage of samadhi is sustained and steady and there is no longer desire for anything. Instead, only complete awareness remains. The practitioner’s awareness withdraws from the three bodies – the physical, astral, and causal – and they are no longer tuned in to differences because the awareness is permeated with Self-awareness, seeing only oneness and perfection of everything.

Samsara. The Sanskrit and Pāli term for “continuous movement” or “continuous flowing” refers in Buddhism to the concept of a cycle of birth and consequent decay and death, in which all beings in the universe participate and which can only be escaped through enlightenment. Saṃsāra is associated with suffering and is generally considered the antithesis of nirvāṇa.

Samskara. A Sanskrit term which, according to Vedanta, refers to subconscious impressions left behind by each act of volition, mental and emotional patterns, and personality traits that one has acquired as a result of conditioning over many lifetimes.  It also means one’s level of inner refinement or character.

Samyama. (also Sanyama) A Sanskrit word from the Yoga Sutras meaning “constraint”. It refers to the integrated  practices of the 6th limb, dharana (concentration, mindfulness, or focused attention), with the 7th limb, dhyana (meditation), and the 8th limb, samadhi  (enlightenment.) It is characterized by the absence of a subject/object split  The Yoga Sutras say, “From mastery of samyama comes the light of awareness and insight.” Samyama can help one achieve expanded awareness and unlock latent human potentials such as clairvoyance, intuition, ability to communicate without conversation, enhanced ESP, being able to predict the future, and more.

Santosha. A Sanskrit term for contentment, santosha is one of the five niyamas in the Yoga Sutras. Contentment naturally emerges as a result of practicing the eight limbs of yoga and filling the inner well of peace and tranquility. When your attention is in the present moment, you can experience and savor the fullness of life. With an attitude of appreciation and gratitude, you welcome life as it is. You have a sense of stability, even in the face of great success or great failure, because your contentment isn’t dependent on anyone’s feedback, external event, increasing power, approval, or expectations being met. Santosha also suggests a lack of desire for what others have.

Sat. A Sanskrit term meaning “being/reality/truth” which refers to the ultimate Reality of indivisible consciousness.

Sati. The Pali word for mindfulness. This is the practice of paying careful attention to mental and physical processes; a key ingredient of meditation; one of the five spiritual faculties; one of the seven factors of enlightenment; and an aspect of the Noble Eightfold Path.

Satori. A Japanese word found in Buddhism which refers to a very deep state of meditation in which notions of duality, self and indeed all concepts drop away. Profound satori is very close to an enlightenment experience (see kensho).

Satsang. A Sanskrit word meaning “true company/company of Truth” refers to keeping the company of saints, sages, Self-realized adepts, and their disciples, in whose company the ultimate Reality can be felt more palpably. It also can be a gathering of devotees who receive a spiritual discourse.

Sattva. The cosmic force of equilibrium, which is the normal balanced state of a healthy mind.

Satya. The Sanskrit word meaning “truth/truthfulness” is one of the five yamas in the Yoga Sutras. Truthfulness and integrity arise naturally. Honest communication with others includes being non-judgmental, letting go of the attachment to the role you play, not exaggerating, accepting things and people as they are, and being impeccable with your word. Satya also includes distinguishing your observations from your interpretations. And not gossiping. It includes saying what you mean and meaning what you say. Lying, at the core, is motivated by fear. Satya makes one realize that the short-term benefits of distorting the truth are outweighed by the discomfort that arises from betraying your integrity. Instead, you choose to align your thoughts, words, and actions. And this brings peace, purity, and freedom.

Saucha. The Sanskrit word meaning “purity” is one of the five niyamas in the Yoga Sutras. Saucha means to keep your body, your clothing, and your surroundings clean and orderly.  It also suggests purity of mind. All sounds, sensations, sights, tastes and smells, relationships, and speech carry the energy and information that you metabolize, so choose nourishing ones. See your choices in terms of nourishment versus toxicity. Take time to purify the temple of your mind, body, and environment.

Seiza. A meditative sitting position found in zazen where one kneels and sits back onto the heels. This is the standard position for longer, seated services.

Sensei. A Japanese word for a recognized teacher of Zen. The title sensei, like the title roshi, is traditionally positioned after the teacher’s name rather than before.

Sesshin. A Japanese word which literally means ‘gather or touch the mind’. It is an intensive Buddhist meditation retreat usually lasting 3, 5, or 7 days. The word ‘retreat’ may be misleading however, as the effect of a sesshin is often to let more of the world into our lives instead of escaping from it. Suffice it to say that a sesshin is a silent retreat that involves many periods of zazen and the opportunity to have private interviews with a teacher (dokusan). Meals are often eaten oryoki style (three bowls), and work periods (samu) are generally included.

Seva. Selfless service. A person who performs selfless service is a sevite.

Shakti or Sakti. A Sanskrit term referring to power or energy described as feminine in the ancient texts.

Shamatha. This is the Buddhist meditation practice of “calm abiding” which is usually introduced in the form of mindful breathing.

Shankara. (“He who is benevolent”): the eighth-century adept who was the greatest proponent of nondualism (Advaita Vedanta) and whose philosophical school was probably responsible for the decline of Buddhism in India.

Shanti. Peace. When you chant, “Om shanti shanti shanti,” it’s an invocation of peace. In Buddhist and Hindu traditions, one chants shanti three times to represent peace in body, in speech, and in mind.

Shenpa. A Tibetan word usually translated “attachment,” but a more descriptive translation might be “hooked.”

Shirodhara.  A Sanskrit word for the Ayurvedic treatment where body temperature oil is continuously streamed onto the forehead to relax the nervous system.

Shikantaza. In Zen Buddhism, this means “just sitting.” It’s an intense form of zazen strongly recommended in the Sōtō tradition, where no mental aids such as counting the breath are used.  It cultivates great mental alertness but ideally no concepts or objects of thought are in the mind. Some consider shikantaza, to be the highest form of zazen.

Shiva. A Sanskrit word meaning “he who is benign” which refers to the masculine principle of the Divine, and pure awareness itself. Shiva also refers to a deity that has served yogis as an archetypal model throughout the ages.

Shunyata. A Pali word generally translated into English as “emptiness” or “voidness.” In the English language the word emptiness suggests the absence of spiritual meaning or a personal feeling of alienation, but in Buddhism the emptiness of phenomena enables liberation from the limitations of form and the cycle of uncontrolled rebirth. Emptiness is widely misconceived as a doctrine of nihilism. Instead, Śūnyatā suggests that everything one encounters in life is empty of absolute identity, permanence, or Self. This is because everything is inter-related and mutually dependent – never wholly self-sufficient or independent. Everything is infinitely co-arising from the formless field of possibilities. All things are in a state of constant flux where energy and information are forever flowing throughout the natural world giving rise to and themselves undergoing major transformations with the passage of time. This teaching never connotes nihilism – nihilism is, in fact, a belief or point of view that the Buddha explicitly taught was incorrect – a delusion, just as the view of materialism is a delusion.

Siddha. A Sanskrit word meaning “accomplished” a Siddha is an adept practitioner. If fully Self-realized, the designation maha-siddha or “great adept” is often used.

Siddhi. A Sanskrit word meaning “accomplishment/perfection” refers to spiritual perfection, the attainment of flawless identity with the ultimate reality. It can also refer to practices that offer gifts of paranormal abilities, such as time travel, invisibility, manifestation, etc.

Spanda. A Sanskrit word meaning “vibration” refers to a key concept of Kashmir’s Shaivism according to which the ultimate reality itself “quivers,” that is, is inherently creative rather than static (as conceived in Advaita Vedanta).

Sushumna Nadi. A Sanskrit term which translates as “very gracious channel” refers to the primary of the three main nadis (channels of energy) in the body.  This energetic nerve channel is generally thought to run along the spinal cord and through each of the chakras. There is a nadi on either side of the spine: ida on the left and pingala on the right. The spinal corde is considered the central current along which kundalini-shakti ascends toward the crown of the head to awaken the aspirant to liberation (moksha).  Sushumna nadi is also called Brahmanadi, or the channel of the Absolute (Brahman). Some refer to it as the saraswati (wisdom) or shanti (peace) nadi. In yoga and Ayurveda, it is thought that keeping the nadis in balance and free of blockages promotes the flow of prana, which increases physical and mental health.

Sutra, also Sutta. A Pali/Sanskrit phrase which translates as thread or stitch which holds things together. Like stitching your attention to the source of your attention. Used for thousands of years by millions of people, these aphorisms or wisdom phrases serve as a key to teaching sacred texts. Similar to a mantra, a sutra is a sound or vibration that when repeated, sews your intention (coded in the sound) into the field of pure awareness. Vedantic sutras includ the Yoga Sutras. In Buddhism are the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra, which are regarded as records of the oral teachings of the historical Buddha. The chanting of sutras can be considered singing, but more commonly, chanting is rhythmic while speaking in a normal tone of voice. Some sutras are intentionally recited in a monotone, as in those chanted in Zen gatherings. In Zen, a sutra is called a gatha.

Svadhyaya. Self study, one of the five niyamas in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras. Svadhyaya relates to reading, studying, and reflecting on spiritual and sacred texts and scriptures. It also includes self-study. This includes nourishing yourself with study as spiritual food and using the insights to observe, reflect on, and refine your behavior and mental activity. It can also lead to refining the subtle level of perception and the intellect.

Swadharma. A Sanskrit term which refers to a specific form of dharma, which includes one’s intrinsic nature and authentic attributes, inclinations, and potentials. Uncovering one’s swadharma reveals what affirms deep within, and your purpose unfolds through this affirmation. This discovery becomes a foundation for leading a purposeful and fulfilling life.

Swami. Title of respect for a spiritual master/teacher, guru whose objective is to master the self through renunciation, which includes setting aside temporal and secular ambitions to pursue a life of spiritual realization. A female is referred to as swamini.

Swedana. An Ayurvedic treatment involving an herbal steam bath.

Tamas: The cosmic force of inertia. Excess tamas causes the mind to become dull.

Tapas. A Sanskrit term meaning “glow/heat”, tapas is one of the five niyamas in the Yoga Sutras. It is the practice of austerity. Known as spiritual inner fire, tapas is the willingness and discipline to pursue daily practices on the spiritual path. And it also includes being disciplined physically, mentally, and socially. For those on the path to self-realization, tapas burns away all mental, emotional, and physical impurities that impede expanded awareness. No, this practice and path is not always easy, and you might feel as if you can’t go on, but you can, and this going on is tapas.

Tattva. A Sanskrit term meaning “thatness” or “thusness”, which  refers to the fact or reality. It also refers to a particular category of existence such as the ahamkara, buddhi, manas; the ultimate Reality.

Tejas.  A Sanskrit term referring to the essence of fire, which controls the mind’s digestion and is transmitted by ojas into the body’s digestive system.

Tenzo. A Japanese term for the head cook for a Buddhist monastery or sesshin. Traditionally the role of tenzo was a high honr and one of the seven positions of the senior staff in Zen monasteries. Today, a tenzo is considered to be one of the main leaders for sesshin.

Three Jewels. In Buddhism the three refuges include the Buddha (your awareness), the dharma (wisdom teachings), and the sangha (practice community).

Tonglen.  A Pali term which in Tibetan Buddhist refers to a compassion meditation technique of “taking and sending.” The practitioner breathes in the suffering of another and breathes out the positive antidote to that suffering, a sentiment such as love, peace, or compassion.

Transcendental Meditation. Also known as TM, this is a brand name for a specific form of silent mantra meditation popularized in the 1960s by Beatles’ guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.

Triphala. An ayurvedic purifying and rejuvenating compound made up of three fruits: amalaki, haritaki, and bibhitaki, usually in equal proportions.

Turiya. The Sanskrit term referring to the 4^th state of consciousness, transcendental consciousness, which exceeds the three conventional states of waking, sleeping, and dreaming. Other words for this state are Atma Darshan, and glimpsing the soul.

Ujjayi. Pronounced you-jie-ah translates as “victorious breath” is a type of pranayama (breathing exercise) during which the practitioner slightly closes their throat to creaete a hissing  sound the inhalation and exhalation.

Unity Consciousness. This is considered a state of enlightenment in which there is complete freedom from all conditioning in which one is no longer constrained by habit, past experiences or “karma,” and any forms of dogma or ideology. Also known as God Concsiousness, this is a state of spontaneous creativity, love, compassion, joy, and equanimity.

Upanishad. A Sanskrit term meaning “sitting near” which refers to a type of scripture representing the concluding portion of the revealed literature of Vedanta.

Upaya. A Pali term for “means.” It’s the practice of compassion in Buddhism.

Vaidyas: Ayurvedic physicians.

Vasanas: Inherent tendencies that are transmitted through many lifetimes and result in a particular personality in this lifetime. They include both positive and negative
tendencies. It is believed that enlightenment is attained when we exhaust our vasanas.

Vata. A Sanskrit term for one of the three primary doshas, or Ayurvedic mind/body types. Vata is made up of the elements of space and air. Vata types tend to be changeable, quick in thought and action, and thin. When in balance, vatas are creative, lively, and friendly. When out of balance, they can become anxious, have difficulty focusing, experience insomnia, or have dry skin and irregular digestion. To restore balance, vatas benefit from regular routine, as well as grounding and calming foods and activities.

Vedas. Vedas are texts originating in ancient India. The Sanskrit word véda “knowledge, wisdom” is derived from the Sanskrit root vid– which means, “to know”. The Vedas are arguably the oldest sacred texts still in use. They form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature are some of the oldest sacred texts incorporated into Hinduism. Vedas were an oral teaching of spirituality which existed long before a literary tradition. Some say that the Vedas are “not human compositions”, but were directly revealed to realized beings, and thus are called śruti or, “what is heard”. Others say that Vedic knowledge is structured in consciousness. They were first chanted as sutras, then written down, and are considered the oldest extant literary compositions of the human race.

Vicaya. The Pali word referring to the practice of investigation, interest, and inquiry into experience. According to Buddhism, vicaya is one of the seven factors of enlightenment.

Vinyasa. A style of hatha yoga featuring a steady flow of connected yoga postures linked with one’s breath in a continuous movement. It often includes sun salutations.

Vipassana. The Pali term which literally means to “see clearly.” It refers to the practice of insight meditation: moment-to-moment mindfulness. Through careful and sustained observation, one directly experiences the ever-changing flow of the mind/body process. This awareness leads us to accept more fully the pleasure and pain, fear and joy, sadness and happiness that life inevitably brings. As insight deepens, the cultivation of greater equanimity and peace arises in the face of change, and wisdom and compassion increasingly become the guiding principles of our lives. The Buddha first taught vipassana over 2,500 years ago. The various methods of this practice have been well preserved in the Theravada tradition of Buddhism.

Yama. A Sanskrit word referring to “reign in” or “control.” Five yamas make up one of the eight limbs of yoga in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras. The 5 yamas are considered spontaneous evolutionary social behavior of someone who practices yoga and how they relate to others. They include avoiding violence, lying, stealing, wasting energy, and possessiveness. Each yama is a guideline for social behavior which offers guidance as to how to treat yourself, others, and the world around you.

Yantra. In Sanskrit, it literally means, “instrument of support” and are used in spiritual practice in Vedanta, Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Just as mantras create mind/body balance through sound, yantras provide balance visually. They are geometric designs believed to have a powerful quieting effect on the mind. Among the shapes used in yantras are squares, triangles, circles, and floral patterns. A lotus flower symbolizes the chakra energy centers; a bindu (dot) signifies both the point of creation and the infinite cosmos; a triangle denotes extroversion or masculinity with an upward point, and introversion or femininity with a downward point; and a swastika symbolizes luck and prosperity. Representations of the yantra in India have been considered to date back to 11,000–10,000 BCE.

Yoga. Derived from the Sanskrit word for “yoke” or “joined together,” yoga essentially means union. It is the science of uniting the individual soul with the cosmic spirit through physical disciplines (behaviors, breath, postures) and mental disciplines (mindfulness, meditation). Patanjali offers the definition: “Yoga is the cessation of  fluctuations of the mind.” As yoga has evolved  over thousands of years, numerous forms and schools of yoga have developed.

Yoga Sutras. A body of knowledge codified by a physician, Patanjali, contains 195 aphorisms (sutras) which describe the eight branches or “limbs” of yoga. These sutras provide a roadmap for the evolution of consciousness from ordinary states of awareness such as waking, dreaming, and sleeping – to higher states of consciousness, including the nonlocal consciousness known as Atma Darshan, cosmic consciousness, divine consciousness, and unity consciousness. The asana, or physical postures that many people know as yoga, is one of these eight limbs.

Yogi. Someone who practices yoga. (A female yoga is called a yogini.)

Zabuton. Used in zazen, it’s the large, rectangular mat made of fabric-covered cotton batting, usually used with a zafu or sitting bench.

Zafu. A circular pillow used for seated meditation.

Zazen. The Japanese Buddhist meditation technique practiced in Zen Buddhist tradition. In Japanese it is the “total awareness in an upright posture,” or seated meditation, usually on a cushion on the floor. Unlike meditation done in some other spiritual traditions, zazen usually does not involve concentrating one’s mind on a subject, nor is the aim to blank out one’s mind completely. Rather, being aware of one’s breath is recommended and most practitioners of zazen do this by counting breaths in one way or another. When the mind wanders, which often happens, one gently turns attention back to the breath. Zazen is usually broken into periods of 30 to 50 minutes. Determining the correct posture for zazen can be a challenge, but sitting in a chair is also permitted. There are two types of Zazen, one is Shikantaza, or “just sitting” as one allows words, ideas, images and thoughts to pass by without getting involved in them or judging them. And Rinzai, the practice of using koans.

Zazenkai. In the Zen Buddhist tradition a zazenkai is a single day devoted to meditation, usually done together with a group. This can be considered a one-day sesshin, although a teacher need not be present.

Zen. A school of Mahayana Buddhism with its roots in Japan. It’s a practice that emphasizes the attainment of enlightenment and the personal expression of direct insight through zazen and interaction with an accomplished teacher.

Zendo. Zen room or hall – the main room, whether it be in a monastery, retreat center, or residential home, where the Buddhist meditation practices of zazen and ceremonies are observed. Zendos are used by monks, nuns, and other practitioners. Often there is an altar present with incense. Zendo is sometimes used to refer to an entire building or teaching center.

Do you have a term you want to include on this list? Contact us using the email address on the footer of this website. For those who want to go deeper into the experience and study of meditation and its correlating expanded awareness, visit the Meditation Teacher Academy and apply to be included in the next training cohort.